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. The nitrogen cycle has been continuously disrupted by humanactivity over the past century, resulting in almost a tripling of the totalreactive nitrogen fixation in Europe. Consequently, excessive amounts ofreactive nitrogen ( Nr ) have manifested in the environment, leading to acascade of adverse effects, such as acidification and eutrophication ofterrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, and particulate matter formation.Chemistry transport models (CTMs) are frequently used as tools to simulatethe complex chain of processes that determine atmospheric Nr flows. Inthese models, the parameterization of the atmosphere–biosphere exchange of Nr is largely based on few surface exchange measurement and istherefore known to be highly uncertain. In addition to this, the inputparameters that are used here are often fixed values, only linked tospecific land use classes. In an attempt to improve this, a combination ofmultiple satellite products is used to derive updated, time-variant leafarea index (LAI) and roughness length ( z0 ) input maps. As LAI, we usethe Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) MCD15A2H product. The monthly z0 input maps presented in thispaper are a function of satellite-derived normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) values (MYD13A3 product) forshort vegetation types (such as grass and arable land) and a combination ofsatellite-derived forest canopy height and LAI for forests. The use of thesegrowth-dependent satellite products allows us to represent the growingseason more realistically. For urban areas, the z0 values are updated,too, and linked to a population density map. The approach to derive thesedynamic z0 estimates can be linked to any land use map and is as suchtransferable to other models. We evaluated the sensitivity of the modelled Nr deposition fields in LOng Term Ozone Simulation – EURopeanOperational Smog (LOTOS-EUROS) v2.0 to the abovementioned changesin LAI and z0 inputs, focusing on Germany, the Netherlands and Belgium.We computed z0 values from FLUXNET sites and compared these to thedefault and updated z0 values in LOTOS-EUROS. The root mean square difference (RMSD) for both shortvegetation and forest sites improved. Comparing all sites, the RMSDdecreased from 0.76 (default z0 ) to 0.60 (updated z0 ). Theimplementation of these updated LAI and z0 input maps led to localchanges in the total Nr deposition of up to ∼30  % anda general shift from wet to dry deposition. The most distinct changes areobserved in land-use-specific deposition fluxes. These fluxes may showrelatively large deviations, locally affecting estimated critical loadexceedances for specific natural ecosystems.

geoscientific model development

Satellite-derived leaf area index and roughness length information for surface–atmosphere exchange modelling: a case study for reactive nitrogen deposition in north-western Europe using LOTOS-EUROS v2.0