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. Soil erosion by rainfall and runoff is an important process behindthe redistribution of soil organic carbon (SOC) over land, thereby impactingthe exchange of carbon (C) between land, atmosphere, and rivers. However, thenet role of soil erosion in the global C cycle is still unclear as itinvolves small-scale SOC removal, transport, and redeposition processes thatcan only be addressed over selected small regions with complex models andmeasurements. This leads to uncertainties in future projections of SOCstocks and complicates the evaluation of strategies to mitigate climatechange through increased SOC sequestration. In this study we present the parsimonious process-based Carbon ErosionDYNAMics model (CE-DYNAM) that links sediment dynamics resulting from watererosion with the C cycle along a cascade of hillslopes, floodplains, andrivers. The model simulates horizontal soil and C transfers triggered byerosion across landscapes and the resulting changes in land–atmosphere CO2 fluxes at a resolution of about 8 km at the catchment scale.CE-DYNAM is the result of the coupling of a previously developedcoarse-resolution sediment budget model and the ecosystem C cycle anderosion removal model derived from the Organising Carbon and Hydrology In Dynamic Ecosystems(ORCHIDEE) land surface model. CE-DYNAMis driven by spatially explicit historical land use change, climate forcing,and global atmospheric CO2 concentrations, affecting ecosystemproductivity, erosion rates, and residence times of sediment and C indeposition sites. The main features of CE-DYNAM are (1) the spatiallyexplicit simulation of sediment and C fluxes linking hillslopes andfloodplains, (2) the relatively low number of parameters that allow for runningthe model at large spatial scales and over long timescales, and (3) itscompatibility with global land surface models, thereby providingopportunities to study the effect of soil erosion under global changes. We present the model structure, concepts, limitations, and evaluation at thescale of the Rhine catchment for the period 1850–2005 CE (Common Era). Model results arevalidated against independent estimates of gross and net soil and C erosionrates and the spatial variability of SOC stocks from high-resolutionmodeling studies and observational datasets. We show that despite localdifferences, the resulting soil and C erosion rates, as well as SOC stocks fromCE-DYNAM, are comparable to high-resolution estimates and observations atsubbasin level. We find that soil erosion mobilized around 66±28  Tg (10 12  g) ofC under changing climate and land use over the non-Alpine region of theRhine catchment over the entire period, assuming that the erosion loop ofthe C cycle was nearly steady state by 1850. This caused a net C sink equalto 2.1 %–2.7 % of the net primary productivity of the non-Alpine regionover 1850–2005 CE. This sink is a result of the dynamic replacement of C oneroding sites that increases in this period due to rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations enhancing the litter C input to the soil fromprimary production.

CE-DYNAM (v1): a spatially explicit process-based carbon erosion scheme for use in Earth system models