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. We describe developments to the land surface model JULES,allowing for flexible user-prescribed harvest regimes of various perennialbioenergy crops or natural vegetation types. Our aim is to integrate themost useful aspects of dedicated bioenergy models into dynamic globalvegetation models, in order that assessment of bioenergy options can benefitfrom state-of-the-art Earth system modelling. A new plant functional type(PFT) representing Miscanthus is also presented. The Miscanthus PFT fits well with growthparameters observed at a site in Lincolnshire, UK; however, global observedyields of Miscanthus are far more variable than is captured by the model, primarilyowing to the model's lack of representation of crop age and establishmenttime. Global expansion of bioenergy crop areas under a 2  ∘ Cemissions scenario and balanced greenhouse gas mitigation strategy from theIMAGE integrated assessment model (RCP2.6-SSP2) achieves a mean yield of 4.3 billion tonnes of dry matter per year over 2040–2099, around 30 % higherthan the biomass availability projected by IMAGE. In addition to perennialgrasses, JULES-BE can also be used to represent short-rotation coppicing,residue harvesting from cropland or forestry and rotation forestry.

JULES-BE: representation of bioenergy crops and harvesting in the Joint UK Land Environment Simulator vn5.1