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. We present Nemo-Nordic, a Baltic andNorth Sea model based on the NEMO ocean engine. Surrounded by highly industrializedcountries, the Baltic and North seas and their assets associated withshipping, fishing and tourism are vulnerable to anthropogenic pressure andclimate change. Ocean models providing reliable forecasts and enablingclimatic studies are important tools for the shipping infrastructure and toget a better understanding of the effects of climate change on the marineecosystems. Nemo-Nordic is intended to be a tool for both short-term andlong-term simulations and to be used for ocean forecasting as well as processand climatic studies. Here, the scientific and technical choices withinNemo-Nordic are introduced, and the reasons behind the design of the modeland its domain and the inclusion of the two seas are explained. The model'sability to represent barotropic and baroclinic dynamics, as well as thevertical structure of the water column, is presented. Biases are shown anddiscussed. The short-term capabilities of the model are presented, especiallyits capabilities to represent sea level on an hourly timescale with a highdegree of accuracy. We also show that the model can represent longertimescales, with a focus on the major Baltic inflows and the variability indeep-water salinity in the Baltic Sea.

Nemo-Nordic 1.0: a NEMO-based ocean model for the Baltic and North seas – research and operational applications