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. A new computationally efficient version of the Norwegian Earth System Model(NorESM) is presented. This new version (here termed NorESM1-F) runs about2.5 times faster (e.g., 90 model years per day on current hardware) than theversion that contributed to the fifth phase of the Coupled ModelIntercomparison project (CMIP5), i.e., NorESM1-M, and is thereforeparticularly suitable for multimillennial paleoclimate and carbon cyclesimulations or large ensemble simulations. The speed-up is primarily a resultof using a prescribed atmosphere aerosol chemistry and a tripolar ocean–seaice horizontal grid configuration that allows an increase of the ocean–seaice component time steps. Ocean biogeochemistry can be activated for fullycoupled and semi-coupled carbon cycle applications. This paper describes themodel and evaluates its performance using observations and NorESM1-M asbenchmarks. The evaluation emphasizes model stability, important large-scalefeatures in the ocean and sea ice components, internal variability in thecoupled system, and climate sensitivity. Simulation results from NorESM1-F ingeneral agree well with observational estimates and show evidentimprovements over NorESM1-M, for example, in the strength of the meridionaloverturning circulation and sea ice simulation, both important metrics insimulating past and future climates. Whereas NorESM1-M showed a slight globalcool bias in the upper oceans, NorESM1-F exhibits a global warm bias. Ingeneral, however, NorESM1-F has more similarities than dissimilaritiescompared to NorESM1-M, and some biases and deficiencies known in NorESM1-Mremain.

Description and evaluation of NorESM1-F: a fast version of the Norwegian Earth System Model (NorESM)