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. The development of the climate model MRI-ESM2 (Meteorological Research Institute Earth System Model version 2), which isplanned for use in the sixth phase of the Coupled Model IntercomparisonProject (CMIP6) simulations, involved significant improvements to therepresentation of clouds from the previous version MRI-CGCM3 (Meteorological Research Institute Coupled Global Climate Model version 3), which was usedin the CMIP5 simulations. In particular, the serious lack of reflection ofsolar radiation over the Southern Ocean in MRI-CGCM3 was drasticallyimproved in MRI-ESM2. The score of the spatial pattern of radiative fluxesat the top of the atmosphere for MRI-ESM2 is better than for any CMIP5model. In this paper, we set out comprehensively the various modificationsrelated to clouds that contribute to the improved cloud representation andthe main impacts on the climate of each modification. The modificationscover various schemes and processes including the cloud scheme, turbulencescheme, cloud microphysics processes, interaction between cloud andconvection schemes, resolution issues, cloud radiation processes,interaction with the aerosol model, and numerics. In addition, the newstratocumulus parameterization, which contributes considerably to increasedlow-cloud cover and reduced radiation bias over the Southern Ocean, and theimproved cloud ice fall scheme, which alleviates the time-step dependency ofcloud ice content, are described in detail.

Significant improvement of cloud representation in the global climate model MRI-ESM2