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. Disturbance of vegetation is a critical component of land cover,but is generally poorly constrained in land surface and carbon cycle models.In particular, land-use change and fire can be treated as large-scaledisturbances without full representation of their underlying complexities andinteractions. Here we describe developments to the land surface model JULES(Joint UK Land Environment Simulator) to represent land-use change and fireas distinct processes which interact with simulated vegetation dynamics. Wecouple the fire model INFERNO (INteractive Fire and Emission algoRithm forNatural envirOnments) to dynamic vegetation within JULES and use the HYDE(History Database of the Global Environment) land cover dataset to analysethe impact of land-use change on the simulation of present day vegetation. Weevaluate the inclusion of land use and fire disturbance against standardbenchmarks. Using the Manhattan metric, results show improved simulation ofvegetation cover across all observed datasets. Overall, disturbance improvesthe simulation of vegetation cover by 35 % compared to vegetationcontinuous field (VCF) observations from MODIS and 13 % compared to theClimate Change Initiative (CCI) from the ESA. Biases in grass extent are reducedfrom −66  % to 13 %. Total woody cover improves by 55 % comparedto VCF and 20 % compared to CCI from a reduction in forest extent in thetropics, although simulated tree cover is now too sparse in some areas.Explicitly modelling fire and land use generally decreases tree and shrubcover and increases grasses. The results show that the disturbances provideimportant contributions to the realistic modelling of vegetation on a globalscale, although in some areas fire and land use together result in too muchdisturbance. This work provides a substantial contribution towardsrepresenting the full complexity and interactions between land-use change andfire that could be used in Earth system models.

Representation of fire, land-use change and vegetation dynamics in the Joint UK Land Environment Simulator vn4.9 (JULES)