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. Demeter is a community spatial downscaling model thatdisaggregates land use and land cover changes projected by integratedhuman–Earth system models. Demeter has not been intensively calibrated, andwe still lack good knowledge about its sensitivity to key parameters andparameter uncertainties. We used long-term global satellite-based landcover records to calibrate key Demeter parameters. The results identified theoptimal parameter values and showed that the parameterization substantiallyimproved the model's performance. The parameters of intensification ratio andselection threshold were the most sensitive and needed to be carefully tuned,especially for regional applications. Further, small parameter uncertaintiesafter calibration can be inflated when propagated into future scenarios,suggesting that users should consider the parameterization equifinality tobetter account for the uncertainties in Demeter-downscaled products. Ourstudy provides a key reference for Demeter users and ultimately contributesto reducing the uncertainties in Earth system model simulations.

Calibration and analysis of the uncertainty in downscaling global land use and land cover projections from GCAM using Demeter (v1.0.0)