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. The isotopes of carbon ( δ13C ) and nitrogen( δ15N ) are commonly used proxies for understanding the ocean.When used in tandem, they provide powerful insight into physical andbiogeochemical processes. Here, we detail the implementation of δ13C and δ15N in the ocean component of anEarth system model. We evaluate our simulated δ13C and δ15N against contemporary measurements, place the model'sperformance alongside other isotope-enabled models and document the responseof δ13C and δ15N to changes in ecosystemfunctioning. The model combines the Commonwealth Scientific and IndustrialResearch Organisation Mark 3L (CSIRO Mk3L) climate system model with theCarbon of the Ocean, Atmosphere and Land (COAL) biogeochemical model. Theoceanic component of CSIRO Mk3L-COAL has a resolution of 1.6 ∘ latitude  ×  2.8 ∘ longitude and resolves multimillennialtimescales, running at a rate of ∼400  years per day. We show that thiscoarse-resolution, computationally efficient model adequately reproduceswater column and core-top δ13C and δ15N measurements, making it a useful tool for palaeoceanographic research.Changes to ecosystem function involve varying phytoplankton stoichiometry,varying CaCO3 production based on calcite saturation state andvarying N2 fixation via iron limitation. We find that large changesin CaCO3 production have little effect on δ13C and δ15N , while changes in N2 fixation and phytoplanktonstoichiometry have substantial and complex effects. Interpretations ofpalaeoceanographic records are therefore open to multiple lines ofinterpretation where multiple processes imprint on the isotopic signature,such as in the tropics, where denitrification, N2 fixation andnutrient utilisation influence δ15N . Hence, there issignificant scope for isotope-enabled models to provide more robustinterpretations of the proxy records.

Ocean carbon and nitrogen isotopes in CSIRO Mk3L-COAL version 1.0: a tool for palaeoceanographic research