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. Karst aquifers are an important source of drinking water in manyregions of the world. Karst areas are highly permeable and produce largeamounts of groundwater recharge, while surface runoff is often negligible. Asa result, recharge in these systems may have a different sensitivity toclimate and land cover changes than in other less permeable systems.However, little is known about the combined impact of climate and land coverchanges in karst areas at large scales. In particular, the representation ofland cover, and its controls on evapotranspiration, has been very limited inprevious karst hydrological models. In this study, we address this gap (1) byintroducing the first large-scale hydrological model including an explicitrepresentation of both karst and land cover properties, and (2) by providingan in-depth analysis of the model's recharge production behaviour. To achievethese aims, we replace the empirical approach to evapotranspirationestimation of a previous large-scale karst recharge model (VarKarst) with anexplicit, mechanistic and parsimonious approach in the new model (V2KarstV1.1). We demonstrate the plausibility of V2Karst simulations at fourcarbonate rock FLUXNET sites by assessing the model's ability to reproduceobserved evapotranspiration and soil moisture patterns and by showing thatthe controlling modelled processes are in line with expectations. Additionalvirtual experiments with synthetic input data systematically explore thesensitivities of recharge to precipitation characteristics (overall amountand temporal distribution) and land cover properties. This approach confirmsthat these sensitivities agree with expectations and provides first insightsinto the potential impacts of future change. V2Karst is the first model thatenables the study of the joint impacts of large-scale land cover and climatechanges on groundwater recharge in karst regions.

V2Karst V1.1: a parsimonious large-scale integrated vegetation–recharge model to simulate the impact of climate and land cover change in karst regions