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. A comprehensive ice nucleation parameterization has beenimplemented in the global chemistry-climate model EMAC to improve therepresentation of ice crystal number concentrations (ICNCs). Theparameterization of Barahona and Nenes (2009, hereafter BN09) allows for thetreatment of ice nucleation taking into account the competition for watervapour between homogeneous and heterogeneous nucleation in cirrus clouds.Furthermore, the influence of chemically heterogeneous, polydisperse aerosolsis considered by applying one of the multiple ice nucleating particleparameterizations which are included in BN09 to compute the heterogeneouslyformed ice crystals. BN09 has been modified in order to consider thepre-existing ice crystal effect and implemented to operate both in the cirrusand in the mixed-phase regimes. Compared to the standard EMACparameterizations, BN09 produces fewer ice crystals in the upper tropospherebut higher ICNCs in the middle troposphere, especially in the NorthernHemisphere where ice nucleating mineral dust particles are relativelyabundant. Overall, ICNCs agree well with the observations, especially in coldcirrus clouds (at temperatures below 205 K ), although they areunderestimated between 200 and 220 K . As BN09 takes into accountprocesses which were previously neglected by the standard version of themodel, it is recommended for future EMAC simulations.

Implementation of a comprehensive ice crystal formation parameterization for cirrus and mixed-phase clouds in the EMAC model (based on MESSy 2.53)