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. Global terrestrial nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) cyclesare coupled to the global carbon (C) cycle for net primary production (NPP),plant C allocation, and decomposition of soil organic matter, but N and Phave distinct pathways of inputs and losses. Current C-nutrient modelsexhibit large uncertainties in their estimates of pool sizes, fluxes, andturnover rates of nutrients, due to a lack of consistent global data forevaluating the models. In this study, we present a new model–data fusionframework called the Global Observation-based Land-ecosystems Utilization Modelof Carbon, Nitrogen and Phosphorus (GOLUM-CNP) that combines the CARbon DAtaMOdel fraMework (CARDAMOM) data-constrained C-cycle analysis with spatiallyexplicit data-driven estimates of N and P inputs and losses and withobserved stoichiometric ratios. We calculated the steady-state N- and P-poolsizes and fluxes globally for large biomes. Our study showed that new Ninputs from biological fixation and deposition supplied &gt;20 %of total plant uptake in most forest ecosystems but accounted for smallerfractions in boreal forests and grasslands. New P inputs from atmosphericdeposition and rock weathering supplied a much smaller fraction of totalplant uptake than new N inputs, indicating the importance of internal Precycling within ecosystems to support plant growth. Nutrient-useefficiency, defined as the ratio of gross primary production (GPP) to plantnutrient uptake, were diagnosed from our model results and compared betweenbiomes. Tropical forests had the lowest N-use efficiency and the highestP-use efficiency of the forest biomes. An analysis of sensitivity anduncertainty indicated that the NPP-allocation fractions to leaves, roots, andwood contributed the most to the uncertainties in the estimates ofnutrient-use efficiencies. Correcting for biases in NPP-allocation fractionsproduced more plausible gradients of N- and P-use efficiencies from tropicalto boreal ecosystems and highlighted the critical role of accuratemeasurements of C allocation for understanding the N and P cycles.

GOLUM-CNP v1.0: a data-driven modeling of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus cycles in major terrestrial biomes