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. We introduce MPAS-Albany Land Ice (MALI) v6.0, a new variable-resolution land ice model that uses unstructured Voronoi grids on a plane orsphere. MALI is built using the Model for Prediction Across Scales (MPAS)framework for developing variable-resolution Earth system model componentsand the Albany multi-physics code base for the solution of coupled systems ofpartial differential equations, which itself makes use of Trilinos solverlibraries. MALI includes a three-dimensional first-order momentum balancesolver (Blatter–Pattyn) by linking to the Albany-LI ice sheet velocitysolver and an explicit shallow ice velocity solver. The evolution of icegeometry and tracers is handled through an explicit first-order horizontaladvection scheme with vertical remapping. The evolution of ice temperature istreated using operator splitting of vertical diffusion and horizontaladvection and can be configured to use either a temperature or enthalpyformulation. MALI includes a mass-conserving subglacial hydrology model thatsupports distributed and/or channelized drainage and can optionally becoupled to ice dynamics. Options for calving include “eigencalving”, whichassumes that the calving rate is proportional to extensional strain rates. MALI isevaluated against commonly used exact solutions and community benchmarkexperiments and shows the expected accuracy. Results for the MISMIP3dbenchmark experiments with MALI's Blatter–Pattyn solver fall betweenpublished results from Stokes and L1L2 models as expected. We use the modelto simulate a semi-realistic Antarctic ice sheet problem following theinitMIP protocol and using 2 km resolution in marine ice sheet regions. MALIis the glacier component of the Energy Exascale Earth System Model (E3SM)version 1, and we describe current and planned coupling to other E3SMcomponents.

MPAS-Albany Land Ice (MALI): a variable-resolution ice sheet model for Earth system modeling using Voronoi grids