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Simulation of vegetation–climate feedbacks in high latitudes in\udthe ORCHIDEE land surface model was improved by the addition of three new\udcircumpolar plant functional types (PFTs), namely non-vascular plants\udrepresenting bryophytes and lichens, Arctic shrubs and Arctic C3 grasses.\udNon-vascular plants are assigned no stomatal conductance, very shallow\udroots, and can desiccate during dry episodes and become active again during\udwet periods, which gives them a larger phenological plasticity (i.e.\udadaptability and resilience to severe climatic constraints) compared to\udgrasses and shrubs. Shrubs have a specific carbon allocation scheme, and\uddiffer from trees by their larger survival rates in winter, due to\udprotection by snow. Arctic C3 grasses have the same equations as in the\udoriginal ORCHIDEE version, but different parameter values, optimised from\udin situ observations of biomass and net primary productivity (NPP) in Siberia. In situ observations of living\udbiomass and productivity from Siberia were used to calibrate the parameters\udof the new PFTs using a Bayesian optimisation procedure. With the new PFTs,\udwe obtain a lower NPP by 31 % (from\ud55° N), as well as a lower roughness length (−41 %),\udtranspiration (−33 %) and a higher winter albedo (by +3.6 %) due to\udincreased snow cover. A simulation of the water balance and runoff and\uddrainage in the high northern latitudes using the new PFTs results in an\udincrease of fresh water discharge in the Arctic ocean by 11 % (+140 km3 yr−1), owing to less evapotranspiration. Future developments\udshould focus on the competition between these three PFTs and boreal tree\udPFTs, in order to simulate their area changes in response to climate change,\udand the effect of carbon–nitrogen interactions

Towards a more detailed representation of high-latitude vegetation in the global land surface model ORCHIDEE (ORC-HL-VEGv1.0)