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Climate change projections still suffer from a limited representation of the\udpermafrost–carbon feedback. Predicting the response of permafrost\udtemperature to climate change requires accurate simulations of Arctic snow\udand soil properties. This study assesses the capacity of the coupled land\udsurface and snow models ISBA-Crocus and ISBA-ES to simulate snow and soil\udproperties at Bylot Island, a high Arctic site. Field measurements\udcomplemented with ERA-Interim reanalyses were used to drive the models and to\udevaluate simulation outputs. Snow height, density, temperature, thermal\udconductivity and thermal insulance are examined to determine the critical\udvariables involved in the soil and snow thermal regime. Simulated soil\udproperties are compared to measurements of thermal conductivity, temperature\udand water content. The simulated snow density profiles are unrealistic, which\udis most likely caused by the lack of representation in snow models of the\udupward water vapor fluxes generated by the strong temperature gradients\udwithin the snowpack. The resulting vertical profiles of thermal conductivity\udare inverted compared to observations, with high simulated values at the\udbottom of the snowpack. Still, ISBA-Crocus manages to successfully simulate\udthe soil temperature in winter. Results are satisfactory in summer, but the\udtemperature of the top soil could be better reproduced by adequately\udrepresenting surface organic layers, i.e., mosses and litter, and in\udparticular their water retention capacity. Transition periods (soil freezing\udand thawing) are the least well reproduced because the high basal snow\udthermal conductivity induces an excessively rapid heat transfer between the\udsoil and the snow in simulations. Hence, global climate models should\udcarefully consider Arctic snow thermal properties, and especially the thermal\udconductivity of the basal snow layer, to perform accurate predictions of the\udpermafrost evolution under climate change

Evaluating the performance of coupled snow–soil models in SURFEXv8 to simulate the permafrost thermal regime at a high Arctic site