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Earth system models (ESMs) that incorporate carbon–climate feedbacks\udrepresent the present state of the art in climate modelling. Here, we\uddescribe the Australian Community Climate and Earth System Simulator\ud(ACCESS)-ESM1, which comprises atmosphere (UM7.3), land (CABLE), ocean\ud(MOM4p1), and sea-ice (CICE4.1) components with OASIS-MCT coupling, to which\udocean and land carbon modules have been added. The land carbon model (as part\udof CABLE) can optionally include both nitrogen and phosphorous limitation on\udthe land carbon uptake. The ocean carbon model (WOMBAT, added to MOM)\udsimulates the evolution of phosphate, oxygen, dissolved inorganic carbon,\udalkalinity and iron with one class of phytoplankton and zooplankton. We\udperform multi-centennial pre-industrial simulations with a fixed atmospheric\udCO<sub>2</sub> concentration and different land carbon model configurations\ud(prescribed or prognostic leaf area index). We evaluate the equilibration of\udthe carbon cycle and present the spatial and temporal variability in key\udcarbon exchanges. Simulating leaf area index results in a slight warming of\udthe atmosphere relative to the prescribed leaf area index case. Seasonal and\udinterannual variations in land carbon exchange are sensitive to whether leaf\udarea index is simulated, with interannual variations driven by variability in\udprecipitation and temperature. We find that the response of the ocean carbon\udcycle shows reasonable agreement with observations. While our model\udoverestimates surface phosphate values, the global primary productivity\udagrees well with observations. Our analysis highlights some deficiencies\udinherent in the carbon models and where the carbon simulation is negatively\udimpacted by known biases in the underlying physical model and consequent\udlimits on the applicability of this model version. We conclude the study with\uda brief discussion of key developments required to further improve the\udrealism of our model simulation

geoscientific model development

The carbon cycle in the Australian Community Climate and Earth System Simulator (ACCESS-ESM1) – Part 1: Model description and pre-industrial simulation