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. Climate-induced warming increasingly leads to degradation of high-alpinepermafrost.In order to develop early warning systems for imminent slope destabilization,knowledge about hydrological flow processes in the subsurface is urgentlyneeded.Due to the fast dynamics associated with slope failures, non- or minimallyinvasive methods are required for inexpensive and timely characterization andmonitoring of potential failure sites to allow in-time responses.These requirements can potentially be met by geophysical methods usuallyapplied in near-surface geophysical settings, such as electrical resistivitytomography (ERT), ground-penetrating radar (GPR), various seismic methods, andself-potential (SP) measurements.While ERT and GPR have their primary uses in detecting lithological subsurfacestructure and liquid water/ice content variations, SP measurements aresensitive to active water flow in the subsurface.Combined, these methods provide huge potential to monitor the dynamichydrological evolution of permafrost systems.However, while conceptually simple, the technical application of the SP methodin high-alpine mountain regions is challenging, especially if spatiallyresolved information is required.We here report on the design, construction, and testing phase of amulti-electrode SP measurement system aimed at characterizing surfacerunoff and meltwater flow on the Schilthorn, Bernese Alps,Switzerland.Design requirements for a year-round measurement system are discussed; thehardware and software of the constructed system, as well as test measurementsare presented, including detailed quality-assessment studies.On-site noise measurements and one laboratory experiment on freezing andthawing characteristics of the SP electrodes provide supporting information.It was found that a detailed quality assessment of the measured data isimportant for such challenging field site operations, requiring adaptedmeasurement schemes to allow for the extraction of robust data in light of anenvironment highly contaminated by anthropogenic and natural noise components.Finally, possible short- and long-term improvements to the system are discussedand recommendations for future installations are developed.

A monitoring system for spatiotemporal electrical self-potential measurements in cryospheric environments