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. The recent development of methods for in situ U–Pb age determination in carbonateshas found widespread application, but the benefits and limitations of themethod over bulk analysis (isotope dilution – ID) approaches have yet to befully explored. Here we use speleothems – cave carbonates such asstalagmites and flowstones – to investigate the utility of in situ datingmethodologies for “challenging” matrices with typically low U and Pbcontents and predominantly late Cenozoic ages. Using samples for which IDdata have already been published, we show that accurate ages can be obtainedfor many speleothem types by laser ablation inductively coupled plasma massspectrometry (LA-ICPMS). Consideration of our own and literature datasuggest that most carbonates with >1  ppm uranium and a fewhundred parts per billion of Pb should be good targets for in situ methodologies, regardless ofage. In situ analysis often provides a larger spread in U∕Pb ratios, which can beadvantageous for isochron construction, but isochron ages rarely achieve theultimate precision of ID analyses conducted on the same samples simplybecause signal sizes are dramatically reduced. LA analysis is faster than IDand thus will play a significant role in reconnaissance studies. The majoradvantage of the in situ methodology appears to be the potential for successfuldating outcomes in sample types requiring high spatial-resolution analysisor those with a high common-Pb component where LA approaches may facilitateidentification of the most radiogenic regions for analysis.

Exploring the advantages and limitations of in situ U–Pb carbonate geochronology using speleothems