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The fossil record of lichens is scarce and many putative fossil lichens donot show an actual physiological relationship between mycobionts andphotobionts or a typical habit, and are therefore disputed. Amber haspreserved a huge variety of organisms in microscopic fidelity, and so thestudy of amber fossils is promising for elucidating the fossil history oflichens. However, so far it has not been tested as to how amber inclusions oflichens are preserved regarding their internal characters, ultrastructure,and chemofossils. Here, we apply light microscopy, scanning electronmicroscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and Ramanspectroscopy to an amber-preserved Eocene lichen in order to gaininformation about the preservation of the fossil. The lichen thallusdisplays lifelike tissue preservation including the upper and lower cortex,medulla, photobiont layer, apothecia, and soredia. SEM analysis revealedglobular photobiont cells in contact with the fungal hyphae, as well as impressionsof possible former crystals of lichen compounds. EDX analysis permitted thedifferentiation between halite and pyrite crystals inside the lichen whichwere likely formed during the later diagenesis of the amber piece. Ramanspectroscopy revealed the preservation of organic compounds and a differencebetween the composition of the cortex and the medulla of the fossil

Lichen preservation in amber: morphology, ultrastructure, chemofossils, and taphonomic alteration