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. We have generated sub-millimetre-resolution DEMs of weathered rock surfacesusing SfM photogrammetry techniques. We apply a close-range method based on structure-from-motion (SfM)photogrammetry in the field and use it to generatehigh-resolution topographic data for weathered boulders and bedrock. Themethod was pilot tested on extensively weathered Triassic Moenkopi sandstoneoutcrops near Meteor Crater in Arizona. Images were taken in the field usinga consumer-grade DSLR camera and were processed in commercially availablesoftware to build dense point clouds. The point clouds were registered to alocal 3-D coordinate system ( x , y , z ), which was developed using a speciallydesigned triangle-coded control target and then exported as digital elevationmodels (DEMs). The accuracy of the DEMs was validated under controlledexperimental conditions. A number of checkpoints were used to calculateerrors. We also evaluated the effects of image and camera parameters on theaccuracy of our DEMs. We report a horizontal error of 0.5 mm and verticalerror of 0.3 mm in our experiments. Our approach provides a low-cost methodfor obtaining very high-resolution topographic data on weathered rocksurfaces (area 2 ). The results from our case study confirmthe efficacy of the method at this scale and show that the data acquisitionequipment is sufficiently robust and portable. This is particularly importantfor field conditions in remote locations or steep terrain where portable andefficient methods are required.

earth surface dynamics

A method based on structure-from-motion photogrammetry to generate sub-millimetre-resolution digital elevation models for investigating rock breakdown features