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. This work focuses on the in-depth reconstruction of the full set ofparameters of interest in single-block rockfall trajectories. A comprehensiveunderstanding of rockfall trajectories holds the promise to enhance theapplication of numerical models for engineering hazard analysis. Suchknowledge is equally important to investigate wider cascade problems in steepterrain. Here, we present a full four-dimensional trajectory reconstructionof the “Chant Sura” rockfall experiment performed with EOTA 221 norm rocks. The dataanalysis allows a complete kinematic description of a rock's trajectory inreal terrain and underscores the physical complexity of rock–groundinteractions. In situ accelerometer and gyroscope data are combined withvideogrammetric and unmanned aerial-systems mapping techniques to understandthe role of rock rotations, ground penetration and translational scarring inrockfall motion. The exhaustive trajectory reconstruction providesinformation over the complete flight path such as translational velocityvectors, angular velocities, impact duration and forces, ballistic jumpheights, and lengths. The experimental data provide insight into the basicphysical processes detailing how rotating rocks of general shape penetrate,rebound and scar ground terrain. In future, the data will serve as a calibrationbasis to enhance numerical rockfall modelling.

Reconstruction of four-dimensional rockfall trajectories using remote sensing and rock-based accelerometers and gyroscopes