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. Landslide hazard motivates the need for a deeper understanding of the eventsthat occur before, during, and after catastrophic slope failures. Due to thedestructive nature of such events, in situ observation is often difficult orimpossible. Here, we use data from a network of 58 seismic stations tocharacterise a large landslide at the Askja caldera, Iceland, on 21 July2014. High data quality and extensive network coverage allow us to analyseboth long- and short-period signals associated with the landslide, andthereby obtain information about its triggering, initiation, timing, andpropagation. At long periods, a landslide force history inversion shows thatthe Askja landslide was a single, large event starting at the SE corner ofthe caldera lake at 23:24:05 UTC and propagating to the NW in the following2 min. The bulk sliding mass was 7–16  ×  10 10  kg, equivalentto a collapsed volume of 35–80  ×  10 6  m 3 . The slidingmass was displaced downslope by 1260  ±  250 m. At short periods, aseismic tremor was observed for 30 min before the landslide. The tremor isapproximately harmonic with a fundamental frequency of 2.3 Hz and showstime-dependent changes of its frequency content. We attribute the seismictremor to stick-slip motion along the landslide failure plane. Acceleratingmotion leading up to the catastrophic slope failure culminated in an aseismicquiescent period for 2 min before the landslide. We propose that precursoryseismic signals may be useful in landslide early-warning systems. The 8 hafter the main landslide failure are characterised by smaller slope failuresoriginating from the destabilised caldera wall decaying in frequency andmagnitude. We introduce the term “afterslides” for this subsequent,declining slope activity after a large landslide.

Dynamics of the Askja caldera July 2014 landslide, Iceland, from seismic signal analysis: precursor, motion and aftermath