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We analysed the long-term variations in grain-size distribution in\udsediments from Gåsfjärden, a fjord-like inlet in the southwestern\udBaltic Sea, and explored potential drivers of the recorded changes in the\udsediment grain-size data. Over the last 5.4 thousand years (ky) in the study\udregion, the relative sea level decreased 17 m, which was caused by isostatic\udland uplift. As a consequence, Gåsfjärden was transformed from an\udopen coastal setting to a semi-closed inlet surrounded by numerous small\udislands on the seaward side. To quantitatively estimate the morphological\udchanges in Gåsfjärden over the investigated time period and to\udfurther link the changes to the grain-size distribution data, a digital\udelevation model (DEM)-based openness index was calculated. The largest\udvalues of the openness indices were found between 5.4 and 4.4 cal ka BP,\udwhich indicates relatively high bottom water energy. During the same period,\udthe highest sand content (∼  0.4 %) and silt / clay ratio\ud( ∼  0.3) in the sediment sequence were also recorded. After 4.4 cal ka BP,\udthe average sand content was halved to ∼  0.2 % and the\udsilt / clay ratio showed a significant decreasing trend over the last 4 ky.\udThese changes were found to be associated with the gradual embayment of\udGåsfjärden, as represented by the openness indices. The silt  /  clay\udratios exhibited a delayed and relatively slower change compared with the\udsand content, which indicates different grain-size sediment responses to the changes in hydrodynamic energy. Our DEM-based coastal\udopenness indices have proved to be a useful tool for interpreting the\udtemporal dynamics of sedimentary grain size

Long-term coastal openness variation and its impact on sediment grain-size distribution: a case study from the Baltic Sea