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We use a geomorphic approach in order to unravel the recent evolution of thediffuse triple junction between the North American, Caribbean, and Cocosplates in northern Central America. We intend to characterize and understandthe complex tectonic setting that produced an intricate pattern of landscapesusing tectonic geomorphology, as well as available geological and geophysical data. We classify regions with specific relief characteristics and highlightuplifted relict landscapes in northern Central America. We also analyze thedrainage network from the Sierra Madre de Chiapas and Maya Mountains in orderto extract information about potential vertical displacements.  Our results suggest that most of the landscapes of the Sierra Madre deChiapas and Maya Mountains are in a transient stage. Topographic profiles andmorphometric maps highlight elevated relict surfaces that are characterizedby a low-amplitude relief. The river longitudinal profiles display upper reaches witnessing these relict landscapes. Lower reaches adjust to new base-level conditions and are characterized by multiple knickpoints.  These results backed by published GPS and seismotectonic data allow us torefine and extend existing geodynamic models of the triple junction. Relictlandscapes are delimited by faults and thus result from a tectonic control.The topography of the Sierra Madre de Chiapas evolved as the result of (1) the inland migration of deformation related to the coupling between theChiapas Massif and the Cocos forearc sliver and (2) the compression alongthe northern tip of the Central American volcanic arc. Although most of theshortening between the Cocos forearc sliver and the North American Plate isaccommodated within the Sierra de Chiapas and Sierra de los Cuchumatanes, asmall part may be still transmitted to the Maya Mountains and the Belizemargin through a "rigid" Petén Basin

earth surface dynamics

Geomorphic analysis of transient landscapes in the Sierra Madre de Chiapas and Maya Mountains (northern Central America): implications for the North American–Caribbean–Cocos plate boundary