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. The causal dependences (in a dynamical sense) between the dynamics of threedifferent coupled ocean–atmosphere basins, the North Atlantic, the NorthPacific and the tropical Pacific region (Nino3.4), have been explored usingdata from three reanalysis datasets, namely ORA-20C, ORAS4 and ERA-20C. Theapproach is based on convergent cross mapping (CCM) developed by Sugihara et al. ( 2012 ) that allows for evaluating the dependences betweenvariables beyond the classical teleconnection patterns based on correlations. The use of CCM on these data mostly reveals that (i) the tropical Pacific(Nino3.4 region) only influences the dynamics of the North Atlantic regionthrough its annual climatological cycle; (ii) the atmosphere over the NorthPacific is dynamically forcing the North Atlantic on a monthly basis; (iii)on longer timescales (interannual), the dynamics of the North Pacific andthe North Atlantic are influencing each other through the ocean dynamics,suggesting a connection through the thermohaline circulation. These findings shed a new light on the coupling between these three different regions of the globe. Inparticular, they call for a deep reassessment of the way teleconnections areinterpreted and for a more rigorous way to evaluate dynamical dependencesbetween the different components of the climate system.

Causal dependences between the coupled ocean–atmosphere dynamics over the tropical Pacific, the North Pacific and the North Atlantic