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Irrigation, which constitutes ∼ 70 % of the totalamount of freshwater consumed by the human population, is significantlyimpacting land–atmosphere fluxes. In this study, using the improvedCommunity Land Model version 4.5 (CLM4.5) with an active crop model, twohigh-resolution (∼ 1 km) simulations investigating the effectsof irrigation on latent heat (LH), sensible heat (SH), and carbon fluxes (ornet ecosystem exchange, NEE) from land to atmosphere in the Heihe Riverbasin in northwestern China were conducted using a high-quality irrigationdataset compiled from 1981 to 2013. The model output and measurements fromremote sensing demonstrated the capacity of the developed models toreproduce ecological and hydrological processes. The results revealed thatthe effects of irrigation on LH and SH are strongest during summer, with a LHincrease of ∼ 100 W m−2 and a SH decrease of ∼ 60 W m−2 over intensely irrigated areas. However, thereactions are much weaker during spring and autumn when there is much lessirrigation. When the irrigation rate is below 5 mm day−1, the LHgenerally increases, whereas the SH decreases with growing irrigation rates.However, when the irrigation threshold is in excess of 5 mm day−1,there is no accrued effect of irrigation on the LH and SH. Irrigationproduces opposite effects to the NEE during spring and summer. During thespring, irrigation yields more discharged carbon from the land to theatmosphere, increasing the NEE value by 0.4–0.8 gC m−2 day−1,while the summer irrigation favors crop fixing of carbon from atmosphericCO2, decreasing the NEE value by ∼ 0.8 gC m−2day−1. The repercussions of irrigation on land–atmosphere fluxes arenot solely linked to the irrigation amount, and other parameters (especiallythe temperature) also control the effects of irrigation on LH, SH, and NEE

Seasonal effects of irrigation on land–atmosphere latent heat, sensible heat, and carbon fluxes in semiarid basin