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Geologic evidence suggests that the Earth may have been completely covered inice in the distant past, a state known as Snowball Earth. This is still thesubject of controversy, and has been the focus of modeling work from low-dimensional models up to state-of-the-art general circulation models. In ourpresent global climate, the ocean plays a large role in redistributing heatfrom the equatorial regions to high latitudes, and as an important part ofthe global heat budget, its role in the initiation a Snowball Earth, and thesubsequent climate, is of great interest. To better understand the role ofoceanic heat transport in the initiation of Snowball Earth, and the resultingglobal ice covered climate state, the goal of this inquiry is twofold: wewish to propose the least complex model that can capture the Snowball Earthscenario as well as the present-day climate with partial ice cover, and wewant to determine the relative importance of oceanic heat transport. To dothis, we develop a simple model, incorporating thermohaline dynamics fromtraditional box ocean models, a radiative balance from energy balance models,and the more contemporary "sea glacier" model to account for viscousflow effects of extremely thick sea ice. The resulting model, consisting ofdynamic ocean and ice components, is able to reproduce both Snowball Earth and present-day conditions through reasonable changes in forcingparameters. We find that including or neglecting oceanic heat transport maylead to vastly different global climate states, and also that theparameterization of under-ice heat transfer in the ice–ocean coupling playsa key role in the resulting global climate state, demonstrating theregulatory effect of dynamic ocean heat transport

A conceptual model of oceanic heat transport in the Snowball Earth scenario