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Permafrost or perennially frozen ground is an important part of theterrestrial cryosphere; roughly one quarter of Earth's land surface isunderlain by permafrost. The currently observed global warming is mostpronounced in the Arctic region and is projected to persist during the comingdecades due to anthropogenic CO<sub>2</sub> input. This warming will certainly haveeffects on the ecosystems of the vast permafrost areas of the high northernlatitudes. The quantification of such effects, however, is still an openquestion. This is partly due to the complexity of the system, includingseveral feedback mechanisms between land and atmosphere. In this study wecontribute to increasing our understanding of such land–atmosphereinteractions using an Earth system model (ESM) which includes arepresentation of cold-region physical soil processes, especially the effectsof freezing and thawing of soil water on thermal and hydrological states andprocesses. The coupled atmosphere–land models of the ESM of the Max PlanckInstitute for Meteorology, MPI-ESM, have been driven by prescribed observedSST and sea ice in an AMIP2-type setup with and without newly implementedcold-region soil processes. Results show a large improvement in the simulateddischarge. On the one hand this is related to an improved snowmelt peak of runoffdue to frozen soil in spring. On the other hand a subsequent reduction in soil moisture enables a positive feedback to precipitation over the highlatitudes, which reduces the model's wet biases in precipitation andevapotranspiration during the summer. This is noteworthy as soil-moisture–atmosphere feedbacks have previously not been the focus of research on thehigh latitudes. These results point out the importance of high-latitudephysical processes at the land surface for regional climate

Soil-frost-enabled soil-moisture–precipitation feedback over northern high latitudes