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The transient responses of the energy budget and the hydrological cycle toCO2 and solar forcings of the same magnitude in a global climate modelare quantified in this study. Idealized simulations are designed to test theassumption that the responses to forcings are linearly additive, i.e. whetherthe response to individual forcings can be added to estimate the responses tothe combined forcing, and to understand the physical processes occurring as aresponse to a surface warming caused by CO2 or solar forcing increasesof the same magnitude. For the global climate model considered, the responsesof most variables of the energy budget and hydrological cycle, includingsurface temperature, do not add linearly. A separation of the response into aforcing and a feedback term shows that for precipitation, this non-linearityarises from the feedback term, i.e. from the non-linearity of the temperatureresponse and the changes in the water cycle resulting from it. Further,changes in the energy budget show that less energy is available at thesurface for global annual mean latent heat flux, and hence global annual meanprecipitation, in simulations of transient CO2 concentration increasecompared to simulations with an equivalent transient increase in the solarconstant. On the other hand, lower tropospheric water vapor increase issimilar between simulations with CO2 and solar forcing increase of thesame magnitude. The response in precipitation is therefore more mutedcompared to the response in water vapor in CO2 forcing simulations,leading to a larger increase in residence time of water vapor in theatmosphere compared to solar forcing simulations. Finally, energy budgetcalculations show that poleward atmospheric energy transport increases morein solar forcing compared to equivalent CO2 forcing simulations, whichis in line with the identified strong increase in large-scale precipitationin solar forcing scenarios

The sensitivity of the modeled energy budget and hydrological cycle to CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; and solar forcing

The sensitivity of the modeled energy budget and hydrological cycle to CO<sub>2</sub> and solar forcing