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. Using the Max Planck Institute Grand Ensemble (MPI-GE) with 200members for the historical simulation (1850–2005), we investigate the impactof the spatial distribution of volcanic aerosols on the ElNiño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) response. Inparticular, we select three eruptions (El Chichón, Agung and Pinatubo) inwhich the aerosol is respectively confined to the Northern Hemisphere, theSouthern Hemisphere or equally distributed across the Equator. Our resultsshow that relative ENSO anomalies start at the end of the year of theeruption and peak in the following one. We especially found that when theaerosol is located in the Northern Hemisphere or is symmetricallydistributed, relative El Niño-like anomalies develop, while aerosoldistribution confined to the Southern Hemisphere leads to a relative LaNiña-like anomaly. Our results point to the volcanically induceddisplacement of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) as a key mechanism that drives the ENSO response,while suggesting that the other mechanisms (the ocean dynamical thermostat andthe cooling of tropical northern Africa or the Maritime Continent)commonly invoked to explain the post-eruption ENSO response may be lessimportant in our model.

The sensitivity of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation to volcanic aerosol spatial distribution in the MPI Grand Ensemble