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. We investigate the climate mitigation potential and collateral effects of direct injections of captured CO2 into the deep ocean as a possible means to close the gap between an intermediate CO2emissions scenario and a specific temperature target, such as the1.5 ∘C target aimed for by the Paris Agreement. For that purpose, a suite of approaches for controlling the amount of direct CO2injections at 3000 m water depth are implemented in an Earth system model of intermediate complexity. Following the representative concentration pathway RCP4.5, which is a medium mitigation CO2 emissions scenario, cumulative CO2 injections required to meet the 1.5 ∘C climate goal are found to be 390 Gt C by the year 2100 and 1562 Gt C at the end of simulations, by the year 3020. The latter includes a cumulative leakage of 602 Gt C that needs to be reinjected in order to sustain the targeted global mean temperature. CaCO3 sediment and weathering feedbacks reduce the required CO2 injections that comply with the 1.5 ∘C target by about 13 % in 2100 and by about 11 % at the end of the simulation. With respect to the injection-related impacts we find that average pH valuesin the surface ocean are increased by about 0.13 to 0.18 units, whencompared to the control run. In the model, this results in significantincreases in potential coral reef habitats, i.e., the volume of the globalupper ocean (0 to 130 m depth) with omega aragonite &gt; 3.4 and ocean temperatures between 21 and 28 ∘C, compared to the control run. The potential benefits in the upper ocean come at the expense of strongly acidified water masses at depth, with maximum pH reductions of about −2.37 units, relative to preindustrial levels, in the vicinity of the injection sites. Overall, this study demonstrates that massive amounts of CO2 would need to be injected into the deep ocean in orderto reach and maintain the 1.5 ∘C climate target in a mediummitigation scenario on a millennium timescale, and that there is a trade-offbetween injection-related reductions in atmospheric CO2 levelsaccompanied by reduced upper-ocean acidification and adverse effects on deep-ocean chemistry, particularly near the injection sites.

Meeting climate targets by direct CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; injections: what price would the ocean have to pay?

Meeting climate targets by direct CO<sub>2</sub> injections: what price would the ocean have to pay?