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. The equilibrium climate sensitivity (ECS) of climate models is calculated as the equilibrium global mean surface air warming resulting from a simulated doubling of the atmospheric CO 2 concentration.In these simulations, long-term processes in the climate system, such as land ice changes, are not incorporated.Hence, climate sensitivity derived from paleodata has to be compensated for these processes, when comparing it to the ECS of climate models.Several recent studies found that the impact these long-term processes have on global temperature cannot be quantified directly through the global radiative forcing they induce.This renders the prevailing approach of deconvoluting paleotemperatures through a partitioning based on radiative forcings inaccurate.Here, we therefore implement an efficacy factor e [LI] that relates the impact of land ice changes on global temperature to that of CO 2 changes in our calculation of climate sensitivity from paleodata.We apply our refined approach to a proxy-inferred paleoclimate dataset,using e [ LI ] = 0.45 - 0.20 + 0.34 based on a multi-model assemblage of simulated relative influences of land ice changes on the Last Glacial Maximum temperature anomaly.The implemented e [LI] is smaller than unity, meaning that per unit of radiative, forcing the impact on global temperature is less strong for land ice changes than for CO 2 changes.Consequently, our obtained ECS estimate of 5.8±1.3 K , where the uncertainty reflects the implemented range in e [LI] , is ∼50  % higher thanwhen differences in efficacy are not considered.

Including the efficacy of land ice changes in deriving climate sensitivity from paleodata