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Glacial terminations are characterized by a strong rise in sea level relatedto melting ice sheets. This rise in sea level is not uniform all over theworld, because regional effects (uplift and subsidence of coastal zones) aresuperimposed on global trends. During the early Holocene the Siberian Shelfbecame flooded before 7.5 ka BP and the coastline reached modern-day highstands at 5 ka BP. This area is currently known as a sea-ice production areaand contributes significantly to the sea-ice exported from the Arctic throughthe Fram Strait. This leads to the following hypothesis: during times ofrising sea levels, shelves become flooded, increasing sea-ice production onthese shelves, increasing sea-ice volume and export through the Fram Strait andcausing the sea-ice extent to advance in the Nordic Seas, yielding cooler andfresher sea surface conditions. We have tested this hypothesis in anatmosphere–ocean–sea–ice coupled model of intermediate complexity (LOVECLIM).Our experiment on early Holocene Siberian Shelf flooding shows that in ourmodel sea-ice production in the Northern Hemisphere increases (15%) andthat sea-ice extent in the Northern Hemisphere increases (14%) but sea-iceexport decreases (−15%) contrary to our hypothesis. The reason of thisunexpected behaviour has its origin in a weakened polar vortex, induced bythe land–ocean changes due to the shelf flooding, and a resulting decrease ofzonality in the Nordic Seas pressure regime. Hence the winter Greenland highand the Icelandic low strengthen, yielding stronger winds on both sides ofthe Nordic Seas. Increased winds along the East Greenland Current supportlocal sea-ice production and transport towards the South, resulting in awider sea-ice cover and a southward shift of convection areas. The overallstrength of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation is reduced by 4%and the heat transport in the Atlantic basin by 7%, resulting in an annualcooling pattern over the Nordic Seas by up to −4 °C. We findthat the flooding of the Siberian shelf resulting from an orbitally inducedwarming and related glacioeustatic sea level rise causes a Nordic Seascooling feedback opposed to this warming

The impact of early Holocene Arctic shelf flooding on climate in an atmosphere–ocean–sea–ice model