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Here we developed a composite pollen-based record of altitudinal vegetation changes from Lake F ´ (5 N) in Colombia at 2540 m elevation. We quantitatively calibrated Arboreal Pollen percentages (AP%) into mean annual temperature (MAT) changes with an unprecedented 60-year resolution over the past 284 000 years. An age model for the AP% record was constructed using frequency analysis in the depth domain and tuning of the distinct obliquity-related variations to the latest marine oxygen iso- tope stacked record. The reconstructed MAT record largely concurs with the 100 and 41-kyr (obliquity) paced glacial cycles and is superimposed by extreme changes of up to 7 to 10 Celsius within a few hundred years at the major glacial terminations and during marine isotope stage 3, sug- gesting an unprecedented North Atlantic - equatorial link. Using intermediate complexity transient climate modelling experiments, we demonstrate that ice volume and greenhouse

Ultra-high resolution pollen record from the northern Andes reveals rapid shifts in montane climates within the last two glacial cycles