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Chinese loess sequences are interpreted as a re- liable record of the past variation of the East Asian mon- soon regime through the alternation of loess and paleosols units, dominated by the winter and summer monsoon, re- spectively. Different proxies have been used to describe this system, mostly geophysical, geochemical or sedimentolog- ical. Terrestrial mollusks are also a reliable proxy of past environmental conditions and are often preserved in large numbers in loess deposits. The analysis of the mollusk re- mains in the Luochuan sequence, comprising L5 loess to S0 soil, i.e. the last 500 ka, shows that for almost all identified species, the abundance is higher at the base of the interval (L5 to L4) than in the younger deposits. Using the present ecological requirements of the identified mollusk species in the Luochuan sequence allows the definition of two main mollusk groups varying during the last 500 kyr. The cold- aridiphilous individuals indicate the so-called Asian winter monsoon regime and predominantly occur during glacials, when dust is deposited. The thermal-humidiphilous mol- lusks are prevalent during interglacial or interstadial condi- tions of the Asian summer monsoon, when soil formation takes place. In the sequence, three events with exception- ally high abundance of the Asian summer monsoon indica- tors are recorded during the L5, L4 and L2 glacial intervals, i.e., at about 470, 360 and 170 kyr, respectively. The L5 and L4 events appear to be the strongest (high counts). Similar variations have also been identified in the Xifeng sequence,

Three exceptionally strong East-Asian summer monsoon events during glacial times in the past 470 kyr