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. Mid-latitude mountain glaciers are sensitive to local summer temperaturechanges. Chronologies of past glacier fluctuations based on the investigationof glacial landforms therefore allow for a better understanding of naturalclimate variability at local scale, which is relevant for the assessment ofthe ongoing anthropogenic climate warming. In this study, we focus on theHolocene, the current interglacial of the last 11 700 years, which remainsa matter of dispute regarding its temperature evolution and underlying drivingmechanisms. In particular, the nature and significance of the transition fromthe early to mid-Holocene and of the Holocene Thermal Maximum (HTM) are stilldebated. Here, we apply an emerging approach by combining in situ cosmogenic10Be moraine and 10Be–14C bedrock dating fromthe same site, the forefield of Steingletscher (European Alps), andreconstruct the glacier's millennial recession and advance periods. Theresults suggest that, subsequent to the final deglaciation at ∼10 ka, the glacier was similar to or smaller than its 2000 CE extentfor ∼7 kyr. At ∼3 ka, Steingletscher advanced toan extent slightly outside the maximum Little Ice Age (LIA) position and until the 19th centuryexperienced sizes that were mainly confined between theLIA and 2000 CE extents. These findings agree with existing Holocene glacierchronologies and proxy records of summer temperatures in the Alps, suggestingthat glaciers throughout the region were similar to or even smaller than their2000 CE extent for most of the early and mid-Holocene. Although glaciers inthe Alps are currently far from equilibrium with the acceleratinganthropogenic warming, thus hindering a simple comparison of summertemperatures associated with modern and paleo-glacier sizes, our findingsimply that the summer temperatures during most of the Holocene, including theHTM, were similar to those at the end of the 20th century. Furtherinvestigations are necessary to refine the magnitude of warming and thepotential HTM seasonality.

climate of the past

Glacier response to Holocene warmth inferred from in situ &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;10&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;Be and &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;14&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;C bedrock analyses in Steingletscher's forefield (central Swiss Alps)