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. We present an ensemble of last glacial inception (LGI) simulations for the Northern Hemisphere that captures a significant fraction of inferred ice volume changes within proxy uncertainties. This ensemble was performed with LCice 1.0, a coupled ice sheet and climate model, varying parameters of both climate and ice sheet components, as well as the coupling between them. Certain characteristics of the spatiotemporal pattern of ice growth and subsequent retreat in both North America (NA) and Eurasia (EA) aresensitive to parameter changes while others are not. We find that the initial inception of ice over NA and EA is best characterized by the nucleation of ice at high-latitude and high-elevation sites. Subsequent spreading and merger along with large-scale conversion of snowfields dominate in different sectors. The latter plays an important role in the merging of eastern and western ice regions in NA. The inception peak ice volume in the ensemble occurs approximately at 111 ka and therefore lags the summer 60 ∘  N insolation minimum by more than 3 kyr. Ice volumes consistently peak earlier over EA than NA. The inception peak in North America is characterized by a merged Laurentide and Cordilleran ice sheet, with the Davis Strait covered in ice in ∼80  % of simulations. Ice also bridges Greenland and Iceland in all runs by 114 ka and therefore blocks the Denmark Strait. This latter feature would thereby divert the East Greenland Current and Denmark Strait overflow with a potentially significant impact on ocean circulation. The Eurasianice sheet at its inception peak varies across ensemble runs between a continuous ice sheet and multiple smaller ice caps. In both continents, the colder high latitudes (i.e. Ellesmere and Svalbard)tend to grow ice through the entire simulation (to 102 ka), while lowerlatitudes lose ice after ∼110  ka. We find temperature decreases over the initial phases of the inceptionlead to the expansion of NA ice sheet area and that subsequentprecipitation increases contribute to its thickening. EA ice sheetarea also expands with decreasing temperatures, but sea ice limitsany increases in precipitation, leading to an earlier retreat awayfrom the EA maximum ice sheet volume. We also examine the extent to which the capture of both LGI icegrowth and retreat constrains the coupled ice–climate model sensitivity to changing atmospheric pCO2 . The 55-member sub-ensemble that meets our criteria for “acceptable” ice growth and retreat has an equilibrium climate sensitivity lower bound that is 0.3  ∘ C higher than that of the full ensemble. Thissuggests some potential value of fully coupled ice–climate modelling of the last glacial inception to constrain future climate change.

Last glacial inception trajectories for the Northern Hemisphere from coupled ice and climate modelling