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. The Indian summer monsoon (ISM) rainfall is thelifeline for people living on the Indian subcontinent today and was possiblythe driver of the rise and fall of early agricultural societies in the past.The intensity and position of the ISM have shifted in response to orbitallyforced thermal land–ocean contrasts. At the northwestern monsoon margins,interactions between the subtropical westerly jet (STWJ) and the ISMconstitute a tipping element in the Earth's climate system because theirnon-linear interaction may be a first-order influence on rainfall. Wereconstructed marine sea surface temperature (SST), supply of terrestrialmaterial and vegetation changes from a very well-dated sediment core fromthe northern Arabian Sea to reconstruct the STWJ–ISM interaction. TheHolocene record (from 11 000 years) shows a distinct, but gradual, southwarddisplacement of the ISM in the Early to Mid-Holocene, increasinglypunctuated by phases of intensified STWJ events that are coeval withinterruptions of North Atlantic overturning circulation (Bond events).The effects of the non-linear interactions culminate between 4.6 and 3 ka BP,marking a climatic transition period during which the ISM shifted southwardsand the influence of STWJ became prominent. The lithogenic matter inputshows an up to 4-fold increase after this time period, probably related tothe strengthened influence of agricultural activities of the Induscivilization, with enhanced erosion of soils. This anthropogenic land-usechange is amplifying the impact of Bond events and adding to the marinesedimentation rates adjacent to the continent.

Signals of Holocene climate transition amplified by anthropogenic land-use changes in the westerly–Indian monsoon realm