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. In the densely forested Warmia and Masuria region (northern Poland) thereare many small endorheic lakes characterized by their low sedimentationrate, which makes them excellent archives of Holocene environmental andpalaeoclimatic change. Lake Młynek, located near the village of JanikiWielkie, was selected for multi-faceted palaeoenvironmental researchsupported with radiocarbon dates. Sediments from this lake also containunique information about human impact on the environment, because astronghold has been operating on its northern shore since the early Iron Ageto the early Medieval period, giving the opportunity to correlatepalaeoenvironmental data with the phases of human activity over the last2400 years. During the second and third centuries BCE the lake wassurrounded by a dense deciduous forest. From the first century BCE tosecond century CE the forest around the lake was much reduced, which canbe associated with the first pre-Roman (La Tène) and Roman occupation phaseevidenced by the construction of the stronghold located close to the lake.From the second up to ninth century CE gradual restoration of theforest and a decline in human activity took place, along with lake deepeningand the onset of a colder and humid climatic phase which corresponded to theglobal cooling episode known as the Bond 1 event (1.5 ka BP). The nextintensive phase of forest clearing around the lake occurred between the9th–13th century CE as result of human activity (MiddleAge settlement phase of the stronghold). Whilst this period is marked by awarming, the human impact which has transformed the landscape likelyoverprints any signals of climate-driven environmental changes.

2400 years of climate and human-induced environmental change recorded in sediments of Lake Młynek in northern Poland