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. The Last Glacial Maximum (LGM, ∼ 21 000 years ago)has been a major focus for evaluating how well state-of-the-art climatemodels simulate climate changes as large as those expected in the futureusing paleoclimate reconstructions. A new generation of climate models hasbeen used to generate LGM simulations as part of the Paleoclimate ModellingIntercomparison Project (PMIP) contribution to the Coupled ModelIntercomparison Project (CMIP). Here, we provide a preliminary analysis andevaluation of the results of these LGM experiments (PMIP4, most of which are PMIP4-CMIP6) and compare them with the previous generation of simulations(PMIP3, most of which are PMIP3-CMIP5). We show that the global averages of thePMIP4 simulations span a larger range in terms of mean annual surface airtemperature and mean annual precipitation compared to the PMIP3-CMIP5simulations, with some PMIP4 simulations reaching a globally colder anddrier state. However, the multi-model global cooling average is similar forthe PMIP4 and PMIP3 ensembles, while the multi-model PMIP4 mean annualprecipitation average is drier than the PMIP3 one. There are importantdifferences in both atmospheric and oceanic circulations between the twosets of experiments, with the northern and southern jet streams being morepoleward and the changes in the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulationbeing less pronounced in the PMIP4-CMIP6 simulations than in the PMIP3-CMIP5simulations. Changes in simulated precipitation patterns are influenced byboth temperature and circulation changes. Differences in simulated climatebetween individual models remain large. Therefore, although there aredifferences in the average behaviour across the two ensembles, the newsimulation results are not fundamentally different from the PMIP3-CMIP5results. Evaluation of large-scale climate features, such as land–seacontrast and polar amplification, confirms that the models capture thesewell and within the uncertainty of the paleoclimate reconstructions.Nevertheless, regional climate changes are less well simulated: the modelsunderestimate extratropical cooling, particularly in winter, andprecipitation changes. These results point to the utility of usingpaleoclimate simulations to understand the mechanisms of climate change andevaluate model performance.

The PMIP4 Last Glacial Maximum experiments: preliminary results and comparison with the PMIP3 simulations