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. The rate of global warming has led to persistent drought.It is considered to be the preliminary factor affecting socioeconomicdevelopment under the background of the dynamic forecasting of the water supply andforest ecosystems in West Asia. However, long-term climate records in thesemiarid Hindu Kush range are seriously lacking. Therefore, we developed anew tree-ring width chronology of Cedrus deodara spanning the period of 1537–2017. Wereconstructed the March–August Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) for thepast 424 years, going back to 1593 CE. Our reconstruction featured nine dry periods (1593–1598, 1602–1608, 1631–1645, 1647–1660,1756–1765, 1785–1800, 1870–1878, 1917–1923, and 1981–1995)and eight wet periods (1663–1675, 1687–1708, 1771–1773, 1806–1814, 1844–1852, 1932–1935,1965–1969, and 1990–1999). This reconstruction is consistentwith other dendroclimatic reconstructions in West Asia, thereby confirmingits reliability. The multi-taper method and wavelet analysis revealeddrought variability at periodicities of 2.1–2.4, 3.3, 6.0, 16.8, and34.0–38.0 years. The drought patterns could be linked to the large-scaleatmospheric–oceanic variability, such as the El Nino–Southern Oscillation,Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation, and solar activity. In terms of currentclimate conditions, our findings have important implications for developingdrought-resistant policies in communities on the fringes of the Hindu Kushmountain range in northern Pakistan.

climate of the past

A 424-year tree-ring-based Palmer Drought Severity Index reconstruction of &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Cedrus deodara&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt; D. Don from the Hindu Kush range of Pakistan: linkages to ocean oscillations