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. The mid-Piacenzian Warm Period (mPWP; 3264–3025 ka) represents the mostrecent interval in Earthu0027s history where atmospheric  CO2  levels weresimilar to today. The reconstruction of sea surface temperatures (SSTs) andclimate modelling studies has shown that global temperatures were 2–4  ∘ C warmer than present. However, detailed reconstructions ofmarginal seas and/or coastal zones, linking the coastal and continentalclimate evolution, are lacking. This is in part due to the absence ofprecise age models for coastal sedimentary successions, as they aregenerally formed by dynamic depositional systems with varying sediment andfreshwater inputs. Here, we present a multi-proxy record of Pliocene climatechange in the coastal southern North Sea basin (SNSB) based on thesedimentary record from borehole Hank, the Netherlands. The marginal marinesetting of the Hank borehole during the late Pliocene provides an excellentopportunity to correlate marine and terrestrial signals due to continentalsediment input mainly derived from the proto-Rhine–Meuse River. We improvethe existing low-resolution palynology-based age model for the Hank boreholeusing stable oxygen and carbon isotope ( δ18O  and δ13C ) measurements of the endobenthic foraminifera species Cassidulina laevigata, integratedwith biochrono- and seismostratigraphy. Identification of hiatuses andfreshwater effects in the record allows us to isolate glacial–interglacialclimate signals in order to tune the endobenthic oxygen stable isotope record to aglobal benthic  δ18O  stack. This results in a tuned ageframework for the SNSB for the late Pliocene ( ∼3190 –2770 ka). Our multi-proxy climate reconstruction for the interval which coverspart of the mPWP ( ∼3190 –3000 ka) shows a strong agreementbetween lipid biomarker and palynology-based terrestrial temperatureproxies, which suggest a stable climate, 1–2  ∘ C warmer thanpresent. In the marine realm, however, biomarker-based SSTs show a largerange of variation (10  ∘ C). Nevertheless, the fluctuation iscomparable to other SST records from the North Atlantic and Nordic Seas,suggesting that a common factor, possibly ocean circulation, exerted astrong influence over SSTs in the North Atlantic and the North Sea at thistime.

A new age model for the Pliocene of the southern North Sea basin: a multi-proxy climate reconstruction