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. At present, variations of primary productivity (PP) in the Bay ofBengal (BoB) are driven by salinity-related stratification, which iscontrolled by the Indian summer monsoon (ISM). The relationships between PP,precipitation, and more generally climate in the past are not clearlyunderstood. Here, we present a new record of PP based on the examination ofcoccolithophore assemblages in a 26 000-year sedimentary series retrievedin the northeastern BoB (core MD77-176). We compare our PP records topublished climate and monsoon records, as well as outputs from numericalexperiments obtained with the Earth system model IPSL-CM5A-LR, includingthe marine biogeochemical component PISCES, and with the transient climatesimulation TraCE-21. Our results show that PP was most probably controlledby nutrient contents and distribution within the upper water column, whichwere predominantly influenced by (i) regional river systems between 26 and19 ka, i.e. when sea level was relatively low and climate wasrelatively dry, and (ii) salinity-related stratification over the last 19 kyr, i.e. when sea level rose and more humid conditions prevailed. Duringthat period, salinity and stratification were directly related to monsoonprecipitation dynamics, which were chiefly forced by both insolation and Atlantic meridional overturning circulation(AMOC) strength. During Heinrich Stadial 1 and the Younger Dryas, i.e. when theAMOC collapsed, weaker South Asian precipitation diminished stratificationand enhanced PP. During Bølling–Allerød, i.e. when the AMOC recovered,stronger South Asian precipitation increased stratification and subdued PP.Similarly, the precipitation peak recorded around the middle–early Holoceneis consistent with a stronger stratification that drives PP minima.

Dynamics of primary productivity in the northeastern Bay of Bengal over the last 26 000 years