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. Private diaries are important sources of historical datafor research on climate change. Their advantages include a high veracity andreliability, accurate time and location information, a high temporalresolution, seasonal integrity, and rich content. In particular, these dataare suitable for reconstructing short-term, high-resolution climate seriesand extreme climatic events. Through a case study of Yunshan Diary, authored by Bi Guo ofthe Yuan dynasty of China, this article demonstrates how to delve intoclimate information in diaries, including species distribution records,phenological records, daily weather descriptions and personal experiencesof meteorological conditions. In addition, this article considers how to usethese records, supplemented by other data, to reconstruct climate change andextreme climatic events on various timescales, from multidecadal to annualor daily. The study of Yunshan Diary finds that there was a relatively low amount ofprecipitation in central and southern Jiangsu Province in the summer of1309; the winter of 1308–1309 was abnormally cold in the Taihu Lake basin.In the early 14th century at the latest, the climate in eastern Chinahad begun to turn cold, which reflects the transition from the Medieval WarmPeriod to the Little Ice Age.

climate of the past

Climate records in ancient Chinese diaries and their application in historical climate reconstruction – a case study of &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Yunshan Diary&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt;