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. A range of future climate scenarios are projected for highatmospheric CO2 concentrations, given uncertainties over future humanactions as well as potential environmental and climatic feedbacks. Thegeological record offers an opportunity to understand climate systemresponse to a range of forcings and feedbacks which operate over multipletemporal and spatial scales. Here, we examine a single interglacial duringthe late Pliocene (KM5c, ca. 3.205±0.01 Ma) when atmospheric CO2 exceeded pre-industrial concentrations, but were similar to today and to the lowest emission scenarios for this century. As orbital forcing andcontinental configurations were almost identical to today, we are able tofocus on equilibrium climate system response to modern and near-futureCO2. Using proxy data from 32 sites, we demonstrate that global meansea-surface temperatures were warmer than pre-industrial values, by ∼2.3 ∘C for the combined proxy data (foraminifera Mg∕Ca andalkenones), or by ∼3.2–3.4 ∘C (alkenonesonly). Compared to the pre-industrial period, reduced meridional gradients andenhanced warming in the North Atlantic are consistently reconstructed. Thereis broad agreement between data and models at the global scale, withregional differences reflecting ocean circulation and/or proxy signals. Anuneven distribution of proxy data in time and space does, however, adduncertainty to our anomaly calculations. The reconstructed global meansea-surface temperature anomaly for KM5c is warmer than all but three of thePlioMIP2 model outputs, and the reconstructed North Atlantic data tend toalign with the warmest KM5c model values. Our results demonstrate that evenunder low-CO2 emission scenarios, surface ocean warming may be expected to exceed model projections and will be accentuated in the higherlatitudes.

Lessons from a high-CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; world: an ocean view from ∼ 3 million years ago

Lessons from a high-CO<sub>2</sub> world: an ocean view from ∼ 3 million years ago