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. In China, historical documents record a large quantity ofinformation related to climate change and grain harvest. This informationcan help to explore the impacts of extreme drought or flood on cropproduction, which can provide implications for the adaptation of agricultureto higher-probability extreme climate in the context of global warming. Inthis paper, reported extreme drought/flood chronologies and reconstructedgrain harvest series derived from historical documents were adopted inorder to investigate the association between the reported frequency ofextreme drought/flood in eastern China and reconstructed poor harvestsduring 801–1910. The results show that extreme droughts were reported moreoften in 801–870, 1031–1230, 1481–1530, and 1581–1650 over the whole ofeastern China. On a regional scale, extreme droughts were reported more oftenin 1031–1100, 1441–1490, 1601–1650, and 1831–1880 in the North China Plain,801–870, 1031–1120, 1161–1220, and 1471–1530 in Jianghuai, and 991–1040,1091–1150, 1171–1230, 1411–1470, and 1481–1530 in Jiangnan. The grainharvest was reconstructed to be generally poor in 801–940, 1251–1650, and1841–1910, but the reconstructed harvests were bumper in 951–1250 and 1651–1840, approximately. During theentire period from 801 to 1910, the frequency of reporting of extreme droughtsin any subregion of eastern China was significantly associated over thelong term with lower reconstructed harvests. The association betweenreported frequency of extreme floods and reconstructed low harvests appearedto be much weaker, while reconstructed harvest was much worse when extremedrought and extreme flood in different subregions were reported in the sameyear. The association between reconstructed poor harvests and reportedfrequency of regional extreme droughts was weak during the warm epoch of920–1300 but strong during the cold epoch of 1310–1880, which could implythat a warm climate could weaken the impact of extreme drought on poorharvests; yet other historical factors may also contribute to thesedifferent patterns extracted from the two datasets.

Patterns in data of extreme droughts/floods and harvest grades derived from historical documents in eastern China during 801–1910