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. A new high-resolution deglacial and Holocene sea surface temperature (SST)reconstruction is presented for the Alboran Sea (western Mediterranean),based on Mg∕Ca ratios measured in the planktonic foraminifera Globigerina bulloides. This newrecord is evaluated by comparison with other Mg∕Ca SST records andpreviously published alkenone SST reconstructions from the same region forboth the Holocene and glacial periods. In all cases there is a high degreeof coherence between the different Mg∕Ca SST records but strongdiscrepancies when compared to the alkenone SST records. We argue thatthese discrepancies are due to differences in the proxy response duringdeglaciation which we hypothesize to reflect a resilience strategy of G. bulloides,changing its main growth season, and consequently Mg∕Ca records a shorterdeglacial warming than alkenones. In contrast, short-term Holocene SSTvariability is larger in the Mg∕Ca SST than in the alkenone SST records.We propose that the larger Mg∕Ca SST variability is a result of springtemperatures variability, while the smoothed alkenone SST variabilityrepresents averaged annual temperatures. The Mg∕Ca SST recorddifferentiates the Holocene into three periods: (1) the warmest SST valuesoccurred during the Early Holocene (11.7–9 cal. kyr BP), (2) a continuouscooling trend occurred during the Middle Holocene that culminated in thecoldest Holocene SST having a double cold peak structure centred at around4.2 cal. kyr BP, and (3) the Late Holocene (4.2 cal. kyr BP to present) did not follow anyclear cooling/warming trend although millennial-scale oscillations wereenhanced. This SST evolution is discussed in the context of the changingproperties in the Atlantic inflow water associated with North Atlanticcirculation conditions and also with local hydrographical and atmosphericchanges. We propose that a tight link between North Atlantic circulationpatterns and the inflow of surface waters into the Mediterranean played amajor role in controlling Holocene climatic variability of this region.

Holocene hydrography evolution in the Alboran Sea: a multi-record and multi-proxy comparison