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. Causes of the Late Glacial to Early Holocene transition phase andparticularly the Younger Dryas period, i.e. the major last cold spell incentral Europe during the Late Glacial, are considered to be keys forunderstanding rapid natural climate change in the past. The sediments frommaar lakes in the Eifel, Germany, have turned out to be valuable archivesfor recording such paleoenvironmental changes. For this study, we investigated a Late Glacial to Early Holocene sedimentcore that was retrieved from the Gemündener Maar in the Western Eifel,Germany. We analysed the hydrogen (δ2H) and oxygen(δ18O) stable isotope composition of leaf-wax-derived lipidbiomarkers (n-alkanes C27 and C29) and ahemicellulose-derived sugar biomarker (arabinose), respectively. Bothδ2Hn-alkane and δ18Osugarare suggested to reflect mainly leaf water of vegetation growing in thecatchment of the Gemündener Maar. Leaf water reflects δ2Hand δ18O of precipitation (primarily temperature-dependent)modified by evapotranspirative enrichment of leaf water due to transpiration.Based on the notion that the evapotranspirative enrichment depends primarilyon relative humidity (RH), we apply a previously introduced “coupledδ2Hn-alkane–δ18Osugarpaleohygrometer approach” to reconstruct the deuterium excess of leaf waterand in turn Late Glacial–Early Holocene RH changes from our GemündenerMaar record. Our results do not provide evidence for overall markedly dry climaticconditions having prevailed during the Younger Dryas. Rather, a two-phasingof the Younger Dryas is supported, with moderate wet conditions at the Allerødlevel during the first half and drier conditions during the second half ofthe Younger Dryas. Moreover, our results suggest that the amplitude of RHchanges during the Early Holocene was more pronounced than during the YoungerDryas. This included the occurrence of a “Preboreal Humid Phase”. Onepossible explanation for this unexpected finding could be that solar activityis a hitherto underestimated driver of central European RH changes in thepast.

climate of the past

How dry was the Younger Dryas? Evidence from a coupled &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;δ&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt;&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;H–&amp;lt;i&amp;gt;δ&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt;&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;18&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;O biomarker paleohygrometer applied to the Gemündener Maar sediments, Western Eifel, Germany