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. The Kimmeridge Clay Formation (KCF) is a laterally extensive, total-organic-carbon-rich succession deposited throughout northwest Europe during theKimmeridgian–Tithonian (Late Jurassic). It has recently been postulatedthat an expanded Hadley cell, with an intensified but alternatinghydrological cycle, heavily influenced sedimentation and total organiccarbon (TOC) enrichment by promoting primary productivity andorganic matter burial in the UK sectors of the Boreal Seaway. Consistentwith such climate boundary conditions, petrographic observations, totalorganic carbon and carbonate contents, and major and trace element datapresented here indicate that the KCF of the Cleveland Basin was deposited in the Laurasian Seaway under the influence of these conditions. Depositional conditions alternated between three states that produced adistinct cyclicity in the lithological and geochemical records: lower-variability mudstone intervals (LVMIs) which comprise clay-rich mudstoneand higher-variability mudstone intervals (HVMIs) which comprise TOC-richsedimentation and carbonate-rich sedimentation. The lower-variabilitymudstone intervals dominate the studied interval but are punctuated by three ∼ 2–4 m thick intervals of alternating TOC-rich andcarbonate-rich sedimentation (HVMIs). During the lower-variability mudstoneintervals, conditions were quiescent with oxic to suboxic bottom waterconditions. During the higher-variability mudstone intervals, highly dynamic conditions resulted in repeated switching of the redox system in a way similar to the modern deep basins of the Baltic Sea. During carbonate-rich sedimentation, oxic conditions prevailed, most likely due to elevateddepositional energies at the seafloor by current–wave action. DuringTOC-rich sedimentation, intermittent anoxic–euxinic conditions led to anenrichment of redox-sensitive and sulfide-forming trace metals at the seafloorand a preservation of organic matter, and an active Mn–Fe particulateshuttle delivered redox-sensitive and sulfide-forming trace metals to theseafloor. In addition, based on TOC–S–Fe relationships, organic mattersulfurization appears to have increased organic material preservation inabout half of the analysed samples throughout the core, while the remainingsamples were either dominated by excess Fe input into the system orexperienced pyrite oxidation and sulfur loss during oxygenation events. NewHg∕TOC data do not provide evidence of increased volcanism during this time,consistent with previous work. Set in the context of recent climatemodelling, our study provides a comprehensive example of the dynamicclimate-driven depositional and redox conditions that can control TOC andmetal accumulations in a shallow epicontinental sea, and it is therefore key tounderstanding the formation of similar deposits throughout Earth's history.

Dynamic climate-driven controls on the deposition of the Kimmeridge Clay Formation in the Cleveland Basin, Yorkshire, UK