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. Explosive volcanism is an important natural climate forcing, impacting globalsurface temperatures and regional precipitation. Although previous studieshave investigated aspects of the impact of tropical volcanism on variousocean–atmosphere systems and regional climate regimes, volcanic eruptionsremain a poorly understood climate forcing and climatic responses are notwell constrained. In this study, volcanic eruptions are explored inparticular reference to Australian precipitation, and both the Indian OceanDipole (IOD) and El Nino–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Using nine realisationsof the last millennium (LM) (850–1850 CE) with different time-evolving forcingcombinations, from the NASA GISS ModelE2-R, the impact of the six largesttropical volcanic eruptions of this period are investigated. Overall, we findthat volcanic aerosol forcing increased the likelihood of El Nino andpositive IOD conditions for up to four years following an eruption, andresulted in positive precipitation anomalies over north-west (NW) andsouth-east (SE) Australia. Larger atmospheric sulfate loading during largervolcanic eruptions coincided with more persistent positive IOD and El Ninoconditions, enhanced positive precipitation anomalies over NW Australia, anddampened precipitation anomalies over SE Australia.

Assessing the impact of large volcanic eruptions of the last millennium (850–1850 CE) on Australian rainfall regimes